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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

The After-School Corporation's approach to expanded learning.

Anne-Marie E Hoxie¹, Lisa Debellis, Saskia K Traill

¹The After-School Corporation.

New Directions for Youth Development

|October 27, 2011

Summary

The Expanded Learning Time (ELT/NYC) initiative combines effective strategies from after-school programs and charter schools. This program aims to enhance educational opportunities beyond traditional school hours.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

Area of Science:

Education Policy
Curriculum Development
Pedagogical Innovation

Background:

Traditional after-school programs often face challenges in providing consistent, high-quality educational experiences.
Charter schools offer innovative educational models but may not serve all student populations.
Existing expanded learning strategies vary in effectiveness and scope.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the Expanded Learning Time (ELT/NYC) initiative, a novel educational model.
To synthesize effective components from after-school programs, charter schools, and other learning strategies.
To create a more comprehensive and impactful extended learning environment for students.

Main Methods:

The initiative was developed by The After-School Corporation.
Key elements from successful after-school programs were identified and integrated.
Effective practices from charter school models were incorporated.
Other proven expanded learning strategies were analyzed and included.

Main Results:

The ELT/NYC initiative represents a synthesized approach to extended education.
It aims to leverage the strengths of diverse educational models.
The program is designed for enhanced student engagement and academic outcomes.

Conclusions:

The ELT/NYC initiative offers a promising framework for improving out-of-school learning.
Integrating diverse educational strategies can lead to more robust extended learning opportunities.
This model has the potential to significantly impact student development and achievement.