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Related Concept Videos

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide (Glucotrol),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Choosing a gliptin.

Vishal Gupta1, Sanjay Kalra

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, 15 - Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai 400026, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metformin and sulfonylureas can lead to declining beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Gliptins offer an effective and safe alternative by enhancing the incretin system, improving glycemic control without significant side effects.

Keywords:
Diabetes mellitusGLPdipeptidyl peptidase-4-inhibitorsdipeptidyl-dipeptidasegliptinsincretins

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Published on: June 11, 2012

Determining Glucose Metabolism Kinetics Using 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT
07:07

Determining Glucose Metabolism Kinetics Using 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT

Published on: May 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Metformin and sulfonylureas are traditional first-line treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • These therapies are associated with progressive beta-cell dysfunction and often require additional agents within 3 years to maintain glycemic control (HbA1c <7.0%).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the novel class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, known as gliptins.
  • To discuss the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of specific gliptins (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on gliptins as a therapeutic class for T2DM.
  • Analysis of existing data on gliptin mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and safety profiles.

Main Results:

  • Gliptins enhance the incretin system (GLP-1 and GIP) by inhibiting DPP-4, leading to improved beta-cell function and glucagon suppression.
  • These agents effectively reduce fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia.
  • Gliptins are weight-neutral and associated with a low risk of hypoglycemia, offering a distinct safety profile compared to older T2DM medications.

Conclusions:

  • Gliptins represent a significant advancement in T2DM management, offering efficacy with favorable safety and tolerability.
  • Their mechanism of action supports beta-cell health and improves overall glycemic control.
  • The review highlights the therapeutic potential of sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin.