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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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Updated: May 28, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
07:57

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Published on: December 5, 2025

Intrinsic flaps in the hand.

Günter Germann1, Nina Biedermann, Scott L Levin

  • 1ETHIANUM - Clinic for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Aesthetic and Preventive Medicine at Heidelberg University Hospital, Vosstrasse, Heidelberg 69115, Germany. guenter.germann@urz.uni-heidelberg.de

Clinics in Plastic Surgery
|October 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hand anatomy research offers diverse surgical flaps for reconstruction. These flaps, based on palmar or dorsal vascular systems, effectively treat most small to moderate hand defects.

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Area of Science:

  • Hand surgery
  • Anatomical research
  • Vascular anatomy

Background:

  • Recent anatomical research has expanded the options for surgical flaps in hand reconstruction.
  • Flaps are classified based on their vascular supply: palmar arterial system or dorsal vascular system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the variety of flaps available for hand reconstruction.
  • To discuss the vascular basis of these reconstructive options.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical literature on hand vasculature.
  • Classification of flaps based on arterial supply (palmar vs. dorsal).

Main Results:

  • A wide array of flaps can be raised in the hand.
  • Flaps are supplied by either the palmar arterial system or the dorsal vascular system.
  • The dorsal vascular system is supplied by perforating vessels or the dorsal carpal arterial network.

Conclusions:

  • The diverse range of available flaps, supported by detailed anatomical understanding, allows for effective reconstruction of most small to moderate hand defects.