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Updated: May 28, 2026
Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking
Published on: September 1, 2023
Balance in relation to walking deterioration in adults with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy
Arve Opheim1, Reidun Jahnsen, Elisabeth Olsson
1Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. arvei.opheim@sunnaas.no
Background:
Balance function is central in walking, and impaired balance function may be related to walking deterioration in adults with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy (CP).
Objectives:
The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare balance confidence, fear of falling, and balance ability in adults with spastic bilateral CP, with and without self-reported walking deterioration; (2) to characterize balance confidence, fear of falling, and balance ability across all participants; and (3) to examine the relationship between balance confidence and balance ability across all participants.
Design:
A case-control design was used.
Methods:
Sixteen adults from a 7-year follow-up study who had spastic bilateral CP and were under 40 years of age in the 2006 survey participated. Eight participants reported walking deterioration (cases), and 8 participants did not report walking deterioration (controls). Outcome variables were: the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), and the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest).
Results:
No differences in any of the outcome variables were found between the cases and the controls. Across all participants, the ABC Scale and FES-I scores were 62% and 24 points, respectively. Reduced ABC Scale scores and increased FES-I scores were found when using escalators, walking in crowds, and walking on slippery surfaces. The BESTest subscale scores were 60% to 79% of the maximum score, but only 31% and 42% of the maximum score in postural responses and anticipatory adjustments, respectively. Balance confidence correlated positively with postural responses, sensory orientation, stability in gait, and BESTest total score.
Limitations:
The lack of reliability and validity tests for the outcome variables in this study population and the small number of participants were limitations of the study.
Conclusions:
Self-reported walking deterioration in this group could not be explained by differences in balance confidence, fear of falling, or balance ability. Across all participants, most balance problems seemed related to reduced postural responses and anticipatory adjustments.
