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Related Concept Videos

Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus.
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice
06:31

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Published on: February 5, 2021

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

S Kotecha1, A Barbato, A Bush

  • 1Dept of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. kotechas@cardiff.ac.uk

The European Respiratory Journal
|October 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in infants leads to high mortality and morbidity. Expert recommendations focus on optimizing antenatal and postnatal care, including early diagnosis and tailored ventilation, to improve survival rates for this complex condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Neonatology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) presents significant mortality (30-40%) and long-term morbidity in newborns.
  • Incidence rates of CDH range from 1.7 to 5.7 per 10,000 live births, varying by study population.
  • Current management strategies aim to improve outcomes, with higher survival rates observed in high-volume centers.

Framework:

  • Expert task force convened to evaluate current literature and formulate recommendations for CDH management.
  • Recommendations cover both antenatal and postnatal care strategies.
  • Focus on evidence-based guidelines to standardize and improve patient care.

Implementation:

  • Antenatal diagnosis via ultrasound and MRI is standard; antenatal interventions require further evaluation.
  • Postnatal management emphasizes immediate intubation, gentle ventilation, and management of pulmonary hypertension.
  • Surgical intervention is typically delayed until optimal medical stabilization is achieved.

Implications:

  • Optimizing management protocols, including ventilation and pulmonary hypertension treatment, is crucial for improving CDH patient outcomes.
  • Multidisciplinary follow-up is essential for managing comorbidities in CDH survivors.
  • Multicenter international trials are necessary to further refine and validate optimal antenatal and postnatal management strategies for CDH.