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Time courses for the glycosylase activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase are biphasic exhibiting a burst of product formation and a linear steady-state phase. Utilizing quench-flow techniques, the burst and the steady-state rates can be measured, which correspond to excision of 8-oxoguanine and release of the glycosylase from the product DNA,...
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Precession can be demonstrated effectively through a spinning top. If a spinning top is placed on a flat surface near the surface of the Earth at a vertical angle and is not spinning, it will fall over due to the force of gravity producing a torque acting on its center of mass. However, if the top is spinning on its axis, it precesses about the vertical direction, rather than topple over due to this torque. Precessional motion is a combination of a steady circular motion of the axis and the...
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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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A steady state refers to the level of a drug in the body once it has reached an equilibrium between administration and elimination. It represents the point at which the drug administration rate equals the drug elimination rate, resulting in a relatively constant concentration in the body over time. The dynamic equilibrium is crucial to ensure the drug's effectiveness with minimal risk of toxicity.
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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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FMRI using balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP).

Karla L Miller1

  • 1FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. karla@fmrib.ox.ac.uk

Neuroimage
|November 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Steady-state free precession (SSFP) offers an efficient method for functional MRI (fMRI) by detecting the Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal. This review explores SSFP

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Neuroimaging
  • Functional MRI (fMRI)

Background:

  • Steady-state free precession (SSFP) is an efficient MRI pulse sequence increasingly utilized in functional MRI.
  • Detecting the Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal is crucial for fMRI, and SSFP offers novel approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various methods for using balanced SSFP to detect the BOLD signal in fMRI.
  • To discuss the functional contrast mechanisms of transition-band and pass-band SSFP.
  • To evaluate the advantages, challenges, and future directions of SSFP in fMRI.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction to the general properties of SSFP pulse sequences.
  • Description of transition-band and pass-band SSFP approaches for BOLD signal detection.

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  • Analysis of functional contrast mechanisms specific to each SSFP method.

    • Main Results:

    • SSFP techniques present distinct functional contrast mechanisms for BOLD signal detection.
    • Potential advantages include high efficiency and sensitivity, but challenges related to artifacts and physiological noise exist.

    Conclusions:

    • SSFP holds significant promise for advancing fMRI applications by offering efficient BOLD signal detection.
    • Further research is needed to overcome existing challenges and fully realize the potential of SSFP in neuroimaging.