Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 28, 2026

Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional (x, y, z, and λ) Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis
Published on: October 27, 2020
Phosphodiesterases and subcellular compartmentalized cAMP signaling in the cardiovascular system
Alessandra Stangherlin1, Manuela Zaccolo
1Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Phosphodiesterases are key enzymes in the cAMP signaling cascade. They convert cAMP in its inactive form 5'-AMP and critically regulate the intensity and the duration of cAMP-mediated signals. Multiple isoforms exist that possess different intracellular distributions, different affinities for cAMP, and different catalytic and regulatory properties. This complex repertoire of enzymes provides a multiplicity of ways to modulate cAMP levels, to integrate more signaling pathways, and to respond to the specific needs of the cell within distinct subcellular domains. In this review we summarize key findings on phosphodiesterase compartmentalization in the cardiovascular system.
Related Concept Videos
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Intracellular Signaling Cascades

