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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an unpaired...
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For instance, consider...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
10:34

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Published on: April 24, 2014

Mapping nanomagnetic fields using a radical pair reaction.

Hohjai Lee1, Nan Yang, Adam E Cohen

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.

Nano Letters
|November 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers visualized magnetic fields around nanostructures using a novel fluorescent molecule. This indicator showed an 80% fluorescence increase under a 0.1 T magnetic field, enabling precise magnetic field mapping.

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Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
10:34

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Published on: April 24, 2014

High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
08:55

High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: October 9, 2020

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo
08:01

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

Published on: September 26, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Visualizing magnetic fields at the nanoscale is crucial for understanding nanomagnetic devices.
  • Existing methods often lack the resolution or sensitivity required for complex nanostructures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a fluorescent chemical indicator for visualizing magnetic fields around ferromagnetic nanostructures.
  • To quantify the precision of magnetic field measurements using this novel indicator.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a chain-linked electron donor-acceptor molecule (phenanthrene-(CH2)12-O-(CH2)2-dimethylaniline) as a fluorescent magnetic field indicator.
  • Photoexcited the molecule to form spin-correlated radical pairs, sensitive to magnetic field perturbations.
  • Employed image analysis and finite-element nanomagnetic simulations to quantify magnetic field distributions.

Main Results:

  • Observed an 80% increase in exciplex fluorescence in response to a 0.1 T magnetic field.
  • Achieved magnetic field quantification with a precision of 1.8×10(-4) T.
  • Experimental results showed strong agreement with finite-element nanomagnetic simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fluorescent indicator effectively visualizes magnetic fields around ferromagnetic nanostructures.
  • This technique offers high precision for nanoscale magnetic field mapping.
  • The findings pave the way for advanced characterization of nanomagnetic materials and devices.