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Production of Formed Elements

Production of Formed Elements

Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
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Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...

Lineage Commitment

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the process whereby stem cells:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Published on: July 3, 2019

Progenitor cells in the pulmonary circulation.

Mervin C Yoder¹

¹Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. myoder@iupui.edu

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

|November 5, 2011

Summary

Pulmonary vascular endothelial progenitor cells are key to replacing aged cells. These progenitor cells are enriched in the lung microvasculature, suggesting a specialized role in lung repair.

Area of Science:

Pulmonary vascular biology
Endothelial cell regeneration
Stem cell research

Background:

Mechanisms for pulmonary vascular endothelial cell replacement are unclear.
Differences in proliferative potential exist between microvascular and macrovascular endothelium.
Resident pulmonary vascular endothelial progenitor cells (PVEPCs) have been identified in rodents.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the characteristics and distribution of resident PVEPCs.
To compare the proliferative potential of PVEPCs in different pulmonary vascular beds.
To explore the presence of PVEPCs in human lung vasculature.

Main Methods:

Isolation and characterization of resident PVEPCs from rat and mouse lungs.
Assessment of clonal proliferative potential and cell surface marker expression.

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

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Published on: July 3, 2019

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: January 12, 2015

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

Published on: March 16, 2011

In vivo transplantation assays to evaluate vessel-forming ability.

Comparative analysis of PVEPC enrichment in microvascular versus macrovascular endothelium.

Preliminary investigation of PVEPCs in human lung tissue.

Main Results:

Rodent PVEPCs exhibit clonal proliferation, restricted cell surface markers, and in vivo vessel formation.
The rat pulmonary microvasculature shows a higher enrichment of PVEPCs compared to the macrovasculature.
Preliminary data suggest the presence of PVEPCs in human pulmonary vasculature.

Conclusions:

Resident PVEPCs possess significant proliferative and regenerative potential within the pulmonary vasculature.
The pulmonary microvasculature is a primary reservoir for these progenitor cells.
Further research is needed to confirm PVEPC distribution in human pulmonary vascular beds.