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Related Concept Videos

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal facet...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Exploring the Longissimus Muscle: Unraveling its Correlation with Meat Quality in Bos indicus and Crossbred Bulls
07:46

Exploring the Longissimus Muscle: Unraveling its Correlation with Meat Quality in Bos indicus and Crossbred Bulls

Published on: July 12, 2024

Muscle: Bone ratios in beef rib sections.

H G Dolezal1, C E Murphey, G C Smith

  • 1Meats and Muscle Biology Section, Department of Animal Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.

Meat Science
|November 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Beef carcass muscle-to-bone ratios vary widely. Measures like adjusted longissimus muscle area and carcass weight can predict these ratios, aiding in beef grading and selection.

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Exploring the Longissimus Muscle: Unraveling its Correlation with Meat Quality in Bos indicus and Crossbred Bulls
07:46

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07:33

Non-invasive Skeletal Muscle Quantification in Small Animals Using Micro-computed Tomography

Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Meat Science
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Understanding factors influencing beef carcass composition is crucial for the livestock industry.
  • Muscle-to-bone ratio is a key indicator of carcass yield and meat quality.
  • Previous research has explored various factors affecting beef carcass traits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variation in muscle-to-bone ratio among beef carcasses.
  • To identify carcass measurements that can predict muscle-to-bone ratio.
  • To assess the influence of diet, breed, and sex on muscle-to-bone ratio.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-eight steers and thirty heifers were assigned to forage or grain feeding regimens.
  • Carcass measurements including adjusted longissimus muscle area (ALA), carcass length (CL), and muscling score (MS) were taken.
  • Physical separation of rib sections and ether extract analysis determined fat-free yields.
  • Muscle-to-bone ratios were calculated and correlated with various carcass traits.

Main Results:

  • Muscle-to-bone ratios ranged from 2.38 to 4.37.
  • Diet, breed, and sex explained 35.8% of the variation in muscle-to-bone ratio when age and carcass weight were constant.
  • Adjusted longissimus muscle area/carcass length (ALA/CL) showed the strongest correlation (r=0.59) with muscle-to-bone ratio.
  • A three-variable model (ALA, carcass weight, CL) predicted muscle-to-bone ratio (R²=0.41, P<0.01).

Conclusions:

  • Significant variation exists in muscle-to-bone ratios among beef carcasses, even with similar genetic and management backgrounds.
  • Carcass measures such as ALA, carcass weight, and CL are valuable predictors of muscle-to-bone ratio.
  • These findings can inform beef grading systems and improve prediction of carcass value.