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Updated: May 27, 2026

High-Resolution Fluorespirometry to Assess Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Immune Cells
Published on: May 24, 2024
Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) fluctuations associated with the metabolic states of mitochondria
Carlos M Palmeira1, Anabela P Rolo
1MitoLab, Department of Life Sciences, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, Coimbra 3001-401, Portugal. palmeira@ci.uc.pt
Abstract:
The study of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) is essential for an integrated appraisal of mitochondrial function, since it reflects differences in electrical potential and represents the main component of the proton electrochemical gradient accounting for more than 90% of the total available respiratory energy. Numerous methods have been used to estimate mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), including fluorescent methods and electrochemical probes. In this chapter, we describe several practical approaches that allow mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) evaluation, by using a tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP(+))-selective electrode. The main focus is given to the evaluation of ΔΨ in isolated mitochondria.
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