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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

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Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products
09:04

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Bis(guanidinium) chloranilate.

Konstantin A Udachin, Md Badruz Zaman, John A Ripmeester

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |November 8, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers studied a co-crystal formed by guanidinium cations and chloranilate anions. They observed strong hydrogen bonds creating a two-dimensional network structure in the crystal.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Co-crystals are crystalline solids composed of two or more different molecular components.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the self-assembly of molecular structures.
    • Guanidinium and chloranilate are common organic ions with potential for diverse crystal engineering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the crystal structure of a co-crystal formed between guanidinium and chloranilate.
    • To elucidate the intermolecular interactions governing the crystal packing.
    • To understand the formation of extended networks in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.

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    A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products
    09:04

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    Published on: September 9, 2016

    Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand
    08:01

    Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

    Published on: September 8, 2016

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding interactions using crystallographic data.

    • Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains one guanidinium cation and half a chloranilate anion.
    • Strong N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified between the cation and anion.
    • These interactions lead to the formation of a two-dimensional network structure.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully characterized the crystal structure of the guanidinium-chloranilate co-crystal.
    • Hydrogen bonding is the primary driving force for the observed 2D network formation.
    • This work contributes to the understanding of crystal engineering with organic ions.