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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

13.6K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
13.6K
Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

12.8K
Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
12.8K
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

7.3K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
7.3K
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

13.4K
This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
13.4K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

3.1K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
3.1K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

16.0K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
16.0K

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Superheating of Structure I Gas Hydrates within the Structure II Cyclopentane Hydrate Shell.

Satoshi Takeya1, Sanehiro Muromachi2, Akio Yoneyama3

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Coating methane hydrate with cyclopentane hydrate stabilizes it above its usual dissociation temperature. This method enhances natural gas storage and transport by preserving hydrate structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Superheated methane (CH4) hydrate shows potential for natural gas storage and transport.
  • Current methods require defect-free interfaces between hydrate structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate stabilizing methane hydrate by coating it with sII hydrates.
  • To eliminate the need for defect-free interfaces in hydrate storage applications.

Main Methods:

  • Coating sI methane hydrate with sII hydrates.
  • Immersing gas hydrate crystals in liquid cyclopentane (CP).
  • Utilizing powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray CT for observation.

Main Results:

  • Gas hydrate crystals remained intact above dissociation temperature when immersed in CP.
  • Methane hydrate's outer layer converted to cyclopentane hydrate at ~270 K, ~80 K above its usual dissociation temperature.
  • Cyclopentane hydrate also preserved sI CO2 hydrate and C2H6 hydrate.

Conclusions:

  • Coating methane hydrate with cyclopentane hydrate effectively stabilizes it above its dissociation temperature.
  • This technique removes the requirement for defect-free interfaces, simplifying natural gas storage solutions.
  • The preservation method is applicable to other gas hydrates like CO2 and ethane.