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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Forced Transdifferentiation

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Published on: January 19, 2020

Cellular reprogramming: a new technology frontier in pharmaceutical research.

Amy Brock¹, Hui-Tong Goh, Binxia Yang

¹Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research

|November 10, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular reprogramming technology creates induced pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling and drug discovery. Challenges remain in integrating these advanced tools into routine pharmaceutical research pipelines.

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Published on: January 19, 2020

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Stem Cell Biology
Drug Discovery

Background:

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated through cellular reprogramming are increasingly vital in pharmaceutical research.
These cells serve as models for disease research and tools for therapeutic development in pre-clinical stages.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current status of cellular reprogramming technology.
To highlight methods for recreating intractable human diseases in vitro.
To identify challenges in adopting reprogrammed cells for pharmaceutical research and drug discovery.

Main Methods:

Review of current cellular reprogramming technologies.
Emphasis on in vitro disease modeling using reprogrammed cells.

Main Results:

Cellular reprogramming offers powerful applications in pharmaceutical research and drug development.
Reprogrammed cells can model complex human diseases in vitro.
Technical and operational hurdles exist for routine use.

Conclusions:

Cellular reprogramming is a key technology for advancing pharmaceutical R&D.
Overcoming current challenges will facilitate broader adoption of iPSC-based approaches.
Further development is needed for seamless integration into drug discovery workflows.