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Papillary Dermis

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

Cells of the Epidermis

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...

Reticular Dermis

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

Layers of the Epidermis

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...

Desmosomes

Desmosomes

The term desmosome derives from the Greek words "desmo" and "soma" meaning "adhesion bodies." This structure was first observed during the late 1800s and described as small, dense nodules in the epidermis. Desmosomes are button-like structures that help form an interlinked network of intermediate filaments across the cells. These junctions are essential to hold cells together under mechanical stress and to maintain tissue integrity. Desmosomes are multi-protein complexes comprising desmosomal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Published on: August 9, 2024

Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans.

Roberto Rheingantz da Cunha Filho¹, Hiram Larangeira de Almeida

¹UNOESC, University of Western Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil. robertodermatologista@yahoo.com.br

Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia

|November 10, 2011

Summary

Flegel's disease (hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans) is a rare skin condition. Excisional biopsy of lesions showed improvement, offering a potential treatment for this typically ineffective-to-treat disorder.

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Rare Skin Diseases
Histopathology

Background:

Flegel's disease, or hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans, is a rare dermatosis.
Characterized by asymptomatic hyperkeratotic papules on lower extremities.
Histopathology reveals hyperorthokeratosis, epidermal atrophy, and dermal inflammation.

Observation:

A case of Flegel's disease was observed.
Lesions were typical of hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans.
Standard treatments have historically proven ineffective.

Findings:

The reported case showed improvement after excisional biopsy.
Surgical removal of lesions led to positive outcomes.
This suggests a potential therapeutic avenue.

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Optical Monitoring of Living Nerve Terminal Labeling in Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings of the Ex Vivo Mouse Ear Skin

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Implications:

Excisional biopsy may be an effective treatment for Flegel's disease.
Further research into surgical interventions for hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans is warranted.
This finding offers hope for patients with limited treatment options.