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Toxicokinetics: Overview

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...

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Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans

Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans

Published on: April 28, 2023

Advanced molecular biologic techniques in toxicologic disease.

Jeanine Ward¹, Gyongyi Szabo, David McManus

¹Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. jeanine.ward@umassmemorial.org

Journal of Medical Toxicology : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology

|November 11, 2011

Summary

Molecular biologic techniques using microRNA, DNA, protein, and nanoparticles offer new ways to understand disease mechanisms. These advancements promise future bedside tests for improved patient care.

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Area of Science:

Molecular biology
Biotechnology
Pathophysiology

Background:

Molecular biologic techniques have rapidly advanced.
These methods enable the study of complex pathophysiologic events.
New molecular tools address limitations of older diagnostic methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the background and utility of advanced molecular techniques.
To highlight the application of microRNA, DNA, protein, and nanoparticles.
To consider the future of these tools as point-of-care diagnostics.

Main Methods:

Review of molecular biologic techniques.
Discussion of microRNA, DNA, protein, and nanoparticle applications.
Exploration of potential diagnostic utility.

Main Results:

Advanced molecular techniques provide novel insights into disease mechanisms.
Small molecules like microRNA, DNA, protein, and nanoparticles are key tools.
These technologies offer a framework for answering previously intractable clinical questions.

Conclusions:

Molecular biologic advancements are transforming medical research and practice.
The discussed molecular tools have significant clinical utility.
Future bedside point-of-care tests utilizing these molecules will enhance patient care.