Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same author

Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis.

Frontiers in immunology·2024

Same author

Decline in a Colonoscopist's Adenoma Detection Rate After First Cataract Surgery With Restoration After Second Cataract Surgery.

Gastro hep advances·2024

Same author

A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.

Biosensors·2023

Same author

Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis.

International immunopharmacology·2023

Same author

Thymosins in health & disease, the sixth international symposium.

International immunopharmacology·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Formation of Human Thymus Organoids in Three-Dimensional Fibrin Hydrogels

Formation of Human Thymus Organoids in Three-Dimensional Fibrin Hydrogels

Published on: October 4, 2024

Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications.

Allan L Goldstein¹, Ewald Hannappel, Gabriel Sosne

¹The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2300 I. Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. bcmalg@gwumc.edu

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

|November 15, 2011

Summary

Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) peptide promotes tissue repair by reducing inflammation, apoptosis, and scar formation. Its regenerative properties are being explored for therapeutic applications in skin, eye, heart, and brain injuries.

More Related Videos

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Published on: June 27, 2016

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

Published on: August 8, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Formation of Human Thymus Organoids in Three-Dimensional Fibrin Hydrogels

Formation of Human Thymus Organoids in Three-Dimensional Fibrin Hydrogels

Published on: October 4, 2024

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Published on: June 27, 2016

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

Published on: August 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Biomedical Science
Regenerative Medicine
Molecular Biology

Background:

Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a naturally occurring peptide crucial for cellular repair and tissue regeneration.
Released upon injury, Tβ4 protects cells by reducing apoptosis, inflammation, and microbial growth.
Tβ4 promotes cell migration and stem cell differentiation, aiding in new blood vessel formation and tissue repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the diverse biological activities of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) in tissue repair and regeneration.
To emphasize the therapeutic potential and clinical applications of Tβ4.
To evaluate Tβ4's role in skin, eye, heart, and brain tissue recovery.

Main Methods:

Review of the fundamental biology and mechanisms of action of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).
Evaluation of preclinical and clinical data regarding Tβ4's therapeutic efficacy.
Focus on Tβ4's impact on cellular processes involved in healing and regeneration.

Main Results:

Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) binds to actin, enhancing cell migration and stem/progenitor cell mobilization.
Tβ4 reduces myofibroblast accumulation, thereby decreasing scar formation and fibrosis.
Tβ4 demonstrates significant potential in promoting the regeneration of various tissues.

Conclusions:

Advances in understanding thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) biology provide a basis for clinical trials.
Tβ4 shows promise for treating dermal wounds and corneal injuries.
Tβ4 is being investigated for cardiac and central nervous system tissue repair after injury.