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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
06:07

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Published on: March 28, 2025

Intracellular metabolic pathways control immune tolerance.

Claudio Procaccini1, Mario Galgani, Veronica De Rosa

  • 1Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy.

Trends in Immunology
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Metabolic pathways sense nutrient levels and influence regulatory T (Treg) cell function via mTOR signaling. Nutritional changes can alter Treg cell populations, impacting immune responses and potentially contributing to metabolic disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolism
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Obesity and type 2 diabetes are linked to immune dysfunction.
  • Metabolic alterations may influence or result from changes in immunological tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how intracellular metabolic signaling pathways sense host energy status.
  • To elucidate the modulation of regulatory T (Treg) cell function by metabolic signals.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of nutrient and leptin-activated mTOR oscillations.
  • Assessment of Treg cell proliferation status in response to metabolic cues.

Main Results:

  • Intracellular metabolic signaling pathways can sense host nutritional status.
  • Nutrients and leptin activate mTOR in an oscillatory manner, influencing Treg cell proliferation.
  • Metabolic status dictates Treg cell characteristics and downstream immune reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic signaling pathways play a crucial role in regulating Treg cell function.
  • Nutritional deprivation or overload can significantly alter the Treg cell compartment.
  • Understanding these metabolic-immune interactions may offer insights into metabolic disorders.