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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

Introduction
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Purposes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty
07:27

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty

Published on: October 6, 2016

Fatiguing upper body aerobic exercise impairs balance.

Peter C Douris1, John P Handrakis, Joseph Gendy

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA. pdouris@nyit.edu

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Fatiguing upper body aerobic exercise significantly impairs balance more than lower body exercise. This highlights the upper body's crucial role in maintaining standing balance, suggesting its inclusion in rehabilitation and training.

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty
07:27

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty

Published on: October 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Previous research indicates lower extremity fatigue impairs balance.
  • Limited studies explore the impact of upper extremity fatigue on balance.
  • Muscle fiber recruitment patterns may explain differential balance effects between aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of aerobic versus anaerobic fatigue on balance.
  • To compare the impact of upper versus lower body fatigue on balance.
  • To determine which fatigue combination most significantly affects balance.

Main Methods:

  • Four fatiguing conditions were tested: aerobic lower body (ALB), aerobic upper body (AUB), anaerobic lower body, and anaerobic upper body (WUB).
  • Aerobic protocols used incremental exercise to fatigue; anaerobic protocols used the Wingate protocol.
  • Balance was assessed using a single-leg stance stability score via the Biodex Balance System.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in balance were observed across the four fatiguing conditions (p = 0.001).
  • The aerobic upper body (AUB) condition resulted in the greatest balance deficit (mean score 4.98 ± 1.83).
  • AUB showed significantly greater balance deficits compared to WUB (p = 0.014) and ALB (p = 0.029).

Conclusions:

  • Upper body fatigue, particularly aerobic upper body fatigue, significantly impairs unilateral standing balance.
  • The upper body plays a critical role in maintaining standing balance.
  • Inclusion of upper body training in rehabilitation and balance improvement protocols is supported.