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Fertility and mortality in Finland since 1750.

¹a Institute of History, University of Helsinki , Finland.

Population Studies

|November 15, 2011

Summary

Fertility and mortality rates in Finland experienced two major demographic transitions. The second transition, from 1876-1925, saw sharp fertility declines linked to reduced infant mortality, while the first transition

Area of Science:

Demography
Historical Epidemiology
Population Studies

Background:

Historical population changes in Finland reveal complex interactions between fertility, mortality, and economic factors.
Annual analyses indicate that fluctuations in birth and death rates do not consistently correlate with agricultural success (harvests).

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the development of fertility and mortality in Finland.
To examine the interrelations between fertility, mortality, and economic influences.
To understand the drivers of the first and second demographic transitions in Finland.

Main Methods:

Analysis of annual demographic data from Finland.
Correlation analysis between fertility rates, mortality rates (including infant mortality), and economic indicators.

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Historical demographic modeling to assess contributing factors.

Main Results:

Fertility declined slightly in the late 18th/early 19th century and sharply between 1876-1925 (second demographic transition).
The sharp fertility decline closely mirrored a decrease in death rates, particularly among infants, suggesting a link.
Factors promoting breastfeeding were crucial in reducing infant mortality and driving the first demographic transition.

Conclusions:

The second demographic transition in Finland was significantly influenced by reduced infant mortality.
Promoting breastfeeding played a key role in decreasing infant mortality and facilitating the first demographic transition.
Evidence suggests the existence of family planning practices in pre-industrial Finland, necessary to explain demographic data compatibility.