Revisiting the normalized Born approximation: effects of scattering
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Updated: May 27, 2026

Born Normalization for Fluorescence Optical Projection Tomography for Whole Heart Imaging
Published on: June 2, 2009
Thomas Pyka1, Ralf Schulz, Angelique Ale
1Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
Abstract:
The normalized Born approximation has been suggested as a ratiometric method in fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) applications, to account for heterogeneity variations. The method enabled practical inversions, as it offered fluorescence reconstruction accuracy over a wide range of absorption heterogeneity, while also accounting for unknown experimental factors, such as the various system gains and losses. Yet it was noted that scattering variations affect the robustness and accuracy. Herein we decompose the effects of absorption and scattering and capitalize on the recent development of hybrid FMT/x-ray computed tomography imaging methods to proposed amendments to the method, which improve the overall accuracy of the approach.
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