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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry, similar...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...

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Crystal structures of three <i>N</i>-acyl-hydrazone isomers.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2021
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Crystal structures and the Hirshfeld surface analysis of <i>(E)</i>-4-nitro-<i>N</i>'-(<i>o</i>-chloro, <i>o</i>- and <i>p</i>-methyl-benzyl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazides.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of two (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-(<i>para</i>-substituted benzyl-idene) 4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazides.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzyl-idene]aryl-sulfono-hydrazides.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>Z</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(4-oxo-thia-zol-idin-2-yl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide monohydrate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-benzyl-idene-4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazide and of its (<i>E</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(<i>ortho</i>- and <i>para</i>-methyl-benzyl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide derivatives.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
08:33

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

N-(2,5-Dichloro-phen-yl)succinamic acid.

B S Saraswathi, Sabine Foro, B Thimme Gowda

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |November 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a dichlorinated amide compound, revealing specific molecular conformations and hydrogen bonding patterns that form sheet-like structures in the solid state.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding the solid-state behavior of organic molecules is crucial for predicting their physical properties.
    • Amide compounds with halogen substituents exhibit diverse structural motifs.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in crystal packing and molecular assembly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of a novel dichlorinated amide compound.
    • To investigate the conformational preferences of the amide group in relation to the chlorinated benzene ring.
    • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network and resulting supramolecular architecture.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.

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    Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

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    Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry
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    Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: April 4, 2018

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    Last Updated: May 27, 2026

    Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
    08:33

    Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

    Published on: June 28, 2011

    Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation
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    Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

    Published on: August 24, 2018

    Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry
    12:49

    Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: April 4, 2018

  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles provided conformational insights.
  • Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, were identified and analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • The compound C(10)H(9)Cl(2)NO(3) was synthesized and its crystal structure determined.
    • The N-H bond conformation was found to be syn to the ortho-Cl and anti to the meta-Cl atom.
    • Intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O) resulted in chain and sheet structures.
    • Disorder in the acid group was modeled using a split-site approach.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the dichlorinated amide.
    • The observed conformation and hydrogen bonding patterns dictate the crystal packing and supramolecular assembly.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in halogenated organic compounds.