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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
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Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...

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Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

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Published on: June 14, 2014

Sensorimotor integration for speech motor learning involves the inferior parietal cortex.

Mamie Shum1, Douglas M Shiller, Shari R Baum

  • 1Neuroscience Major Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The inferior parietal cortex, specifically the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), is crucial for speech motor learning and adaptation. Disrupting the SMG with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) impaired subjects

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Speech Motor Control
  • Motor Learning

Background:

  • Sensorimotor integration is fundamental for motor learning, particularly in speech production.
  • The inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is known for multisensory integration and motor adaptation in non-speech behaviors.
  • The specific role of the IPL in speech motor learning remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of the inferior parietal cortex to speech motor learning.
  • To evaluate the role of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in sensorimotor adaptation for speech.

Main Methods:

  • Employed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left SMG before a speech motor adaptation task.
  • Altered auditory feedback during speech production to simulate unintended changes in tongue position.
  • Measured adaptation performance to assess sensorimotor plasticity and short-term learning.

Main Results:

  • Subjects receiving sham stimulation showed robust adaptation to altered auditory feedback.
  • Subjects receiving rTMS over the left SMG exhibited a significantly diminished adaptive response.
  • This indicates that the left SMG is involved in speech sensorimotor adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • The inferior parietal cortex, particularly the region around the SMG, plays a significant role in speech motor adaptation.
  • Neural connections between the IPL, frontal cortex, cerebellum, and sensory areas highlight its importance in speech sensorimotor learning.
  • The findings suggest the IPL is a key component for adapting sensorimotor patterns essential for speech.