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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in various...
Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...

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Sinonasal problems and reflux.

Todd A Loehrl1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 5000 West National Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53202, 53214, USA. tloehrl@mcw.edu

Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extraesophageal reflux may be linked to refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Further research is needed, but considering reflux evaluation is advised for patients with difficult-to-treat rhinosinusitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Extraesophageal reflux is a potential factor in upper airway disorders.
  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be challenging to treat, often requiring medical and surgical interventions.
  • Refractory CRS presents a significant clinical problem with limited treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on the association between extraesophageal reflux and refractory chronic rhinosinusitis.
  • To explore the potential link between gastroesophageal reflux and CRS, particularly in treatment-resistant cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies.
  • Analysis of the prevalence of extraesophageal reflux in patients with refractory CRS.
  • Examination of the evidence supporting an association between gastroesophageal reflux and rhinosinusitis.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies indicate a higher prevalence of extraesophageal reflux in patients with refractory CRS.
  • An association between gastroesophageal reflux and rhinosinusitis may exist, especially in medically or surgically refractory cases.
  • Current evidence supporting a causal link is limited, with studies showing a poor level of evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Evaluation and treatment of extraesophageal reflux should be considered for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
  • This consideration is particularly important for individuals with refractory disease that does not respond to standard treatments.
  • While an association is suggested, further high-quality research is necessary to establish causation.