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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
Calorimetry01:19

Calorimetry

When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their surroundings. An...
Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Isothermal Titration Calorimetry for Measuring Macromolecule-Ligand Affinity
08:45

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry for Measuring Macromolecule-Ligand Affinity

Published on: September 7, 2011

Isothermal microcalorimetry for quantifying amorphous content in processed pharmaceuticals.

Simon Gaisford1

  • 1UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK. simon.gaisford@pharmacy.ac.uk

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantifying low levels of amorphous content in pharmaceutical powders is crucial for product development. Isothermal microcalorimetry offers a sensitive method for detecting these small amounts, improving powder flow and adhesion analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Partially amorphous materials are common in pharmaceutical processing.
  • Low amorphous fractions (up to 5% w/w) can significantly impact powder properties like flow and adhesion due to surface localization.
  • Accurate quantification of amorphous content is vital for pharmaceutical product development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of quantifying low amorphous content in pharmaceutical powders.
  • To present isothermal microcalorimetry as a sensitive and applicable assay for amorphous content determination.
  • To provide guidance on method design and data interpretation for successful assay implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing isothermal microcalorimetry to assay amorphous content.
  • Controlling relative humidity or vapor pressure within the sample ampoule.
  • Applying the technique to pharmaceutical powders.

Main Results:

  • Isothermal microcalorimetry is highly sensitive, capable of detecting less than 1% w/w amorphous content.
  • The technique is broadly applicable to various pharmaceutical powders.
  • Method design and data interpretation are critical for assay success.

Conclusions:

  • Isothermal microcalorimetry is a powerful tool for quantifying low amorphous content in pharmaceutical powders.
  • Careful method design and data interpretation are essential for reliable results.
  • This technique aids in understanding and controlling powder properties critical for product development.