[Cholelithiasis in infants, children and adolescents]

The prevalence of cholelithiasis is estimated within 0.13% and 2% of children under 19 years of age. Pigment stones are the commonest type of gallstones in children, without recognizable predisposing factors in infants or secondary to a predisposing disease such as chronic hemolysis and ileal disease in children. In adolescents, idiopathic cholesterol gallstones accounts for the majority, such as in adults. Gallbladder stones are found in 80 to 90% of cases and common bile duct stones in 10 to 20% of cases. When common bile duct stones are found, a choledocal cyst with anomalous pancreatobiliary duct junction needs to be excluded. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography should be performed in first line. Cholecystectomy is not indicated for silent gallstones, except in children with a predisposing disease such as chronic hemolysis. Treatment of common bile duct stones includes interventional radiologic, endoscopic or surgical procedures. Stone extraction may be performed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with or without sphincterotomy, combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In children without a predisposing disease or no residual gallstones indicating a cholescystectomy, conservative management (percutaneous cholangiography with biliary drainage) may be proposed in specialised centers, especially for infants. A hepaticojejunostomy is indicated in cases of choledocal cyst with anomalous pancreatobiliary duct junctions.