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Related Concept Videos

The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

The Establishment of a Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model
04:11

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Bone production by human maxillary sinus mucosa cells.

A Graziano1, L Benedetti, G Massei

  • 1Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Turin, Torino, Italy. deagra@libero.it

Journal of Cellular Physiology
|November 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the maxillary sinus membrane can naturally form bone. This finding suggests the Schneider membrane is a promising source for bone regeneration therapies without needing extra biomaterials.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • The Schneider membrane lines the maxillary sinus, featuring a ciliated epithelium and vascularized connective tissue.
  • Tooth loss can lead to maxillary bone resorption due to increased osteoclastic activity in the sinus stromal tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize mesenchymal progenitors within the Schneider membrane's connective tissue.
  • To assess the self-differentiation capacity of these progenitors towards an osteoblastic lineage.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of mesenchymal progenitors from the Schneider membrane.
  • In vitro evaluation of osteoblastic differentiation potential without external osteoinductive factors or biomaterials.

Main Results:

  • Mesenchymal progenitors were successfully isolated from the Schneider membrane.
  • These cells demonstrated an intrinsic ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, forming bone-like tissue.

Conclusions:

  • The maxillary sinus membrane is a viable and accessible source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  • These MSCs possess the inherent capacity for osteogenic differentiation, supporting bone tissue engineering and cell therapy for maxillary defects.
  • The Schneider membrane's intrinsic regenerative potential may facilitate maxillary bone restoration after tooth loss, potentially reducing the need for biomaterials.