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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A Versatile Pipeline for Analyzing Dynamic Changes in Nuclear Bodies in a Variety of Cell Types
06:33

A Versatile Pipeline for Analyzing Dynamic Changes in Nuclear Bodies in a Variety of Cell Types

Published on: June 28, 2024

Array-based nuclear run-on analysis.

Jinshui Fan1, Yu-Chi Chen, Tonya Watkins

  • 1Lowe Family Genomics Core, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method for genome-wide transcription analysis. It uses modified nucleotides to label and quantify newly synthesized RNA, offering insights into gene regulation.

More Related Videos

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs
05:12

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs

Published on: February 2, 2024

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

A Versatile Pipeline for Analyzing Dynamic Changes in Nuclear Bodies in a Variety of Cell Types
06:33

A Versatile Pipeline for Analyzing Dynamic Changes in Nuclear Bodies in a Variety of Cell Types

Published on: June 28, 2024

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs
05:12

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs

Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Posttranscriptional mechanisms, like mRNA turnover, significantly influence gene expression patterns.
  • Steady-state mRNA levels measured by microarrays reflect a balance between transcription and degradation, not solely de novo transcription.
  • Accurate assessment of transcriptional regulation requires methods that directly measure newly synthesized RNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a systematic, genome-wide method for studying de novo transcription.
  • To enable accurate measurement of temporal and spatial transcriptional events.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional microarray analysis in reflecting true transcription rates.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide labeling of nascent RNA transcripts using nonradioactive modified nucleotides.
  • Isolation and amplification of labeled nascent transcripts.
  • Hybridization and analysis of amplified transcripts using commercial microarrays.

Main Results:

  • The described method allows for systematic, genome-wide analysis of nascent transcription.
  • This approach provides a more accurate reflection of active transcription compared to steady-state mRNA levels.
  • Enables detailed study of temporal and spatial aspects of transcriptional regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers a powerful tool for investigating gene regulation at the transcriptional level.
  • It enhances our understanding of how de novo transcription dynamics shape cellular function.
  • Provides a foundation for future research into complex gene regulatory networks.