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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Videos

Thyroid disease in pregnancy.

Roberto Negro1, Jorge Hector Mestman

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy. robnegro@tiscali.it

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|November 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy increases risks like miscarriage and preterm birth. The impact of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid states requires further definition for optimal maternal and fetal health.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases are prevalent in women of childbearing age.
  • Untreated thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is linked to adverse outcomes like miscarriage, preterm birth, and gestational hypertension.
  • Thyroid autoimmunity may also contribute to pregnancy complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction on pregnancy outcomes.
  • To clarify the role of thyroid autoimmunity and isolated hypothyroxinemia in euthyroid pregnant women.
  • To determine the necessity of substitutive treatment for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid disorders in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of studies investigating overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Assessment of data on isolated hypothyroxinemia and its management.

Main Results:

  • Overt thyroid dysfunction (hyper- or hypothyroidism) significantly increases adverse pregnancy events.
  • The role of subclinical hypothyroidism as a risk factor remains inconclusive.
  • Thyroid autoimmunity and isolated hypothyroxinemia in euthyroid states present uncertainties regarding treatment.

Conclusions:

  • While overt thyroid dysfunction poses clear risks, subclinical hypothyroidism requires further investigation.
  • Management strategies for thyroid autoimmunity and isolated hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy need clearer guidelines.
  • Defining the risks and benefits of treatment is crucial for optimizing pregnancy outcomes.