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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Update on the Risk Factors for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy.

Federica De Luca1, Roberto Negro2, Stella Bernardi1

  • 1Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.

Biomedicines
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid screening in pregnancy is debated. This review identifies key risk factors, confirming thyroid autoimmunity and iodine deficiency as strong predictors of thyroid dysfunction.

Keywords:
pregnancyrisk factorsscreeningthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are prevalent during pregnancy, posing significant risks if untreated.
  • Current guidelines advocate for risk-based thyroid screening, targeting only high-risk pregnancies.
  • The effectiveness of risk stratification is crucial for optimizing screening strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established and emerging risk factors for thyroid disease in pregnant individuals.
  • To evaluate the utility of these risk factors in clinical practice.
  • To inform the ongoing debate on universal versus risk-based thyroid screening.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive narrative review of existing literature.
  • Systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.
  • Utilized MeSH terms and keywords such as 'thyroid dysfunction', 'pregnancy', 'risk factors', and 'screening'.

Main Results:

  • Identified established risk factors for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.
  • Highlighted emerging risk factors requiring further investigation.
  • Confirmed thyroid autoimmunity and moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency as consistent predictors.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid autoimmunity and iodine deficiency are the most reliable indicators of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.
  • Risk stratification remains central to current screening guidelines.
  • Further research may refine the identification and utility of emerging risk factors.