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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Evidence for water structuring forces between surfaces.

Christopher Stanley1, Donald C Rau

  • 1Neutron Scattering Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MSC 6473, Oak Ridge, TN 37831.

Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science
|November 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structured water between surfaces generates energy. This hydration force explains interactions in biological systems like DNA and cellulose, showing repulsion and attraction due to water

More Related Videos

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method
07:18

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Published on: June 14, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method
07:18

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Water molecules exhibit structured behavior on surfaces.
  • Interactions between biological structures are influenced by surface-bound water.
  • The osmotic stress technique is a key method for measuring forces in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and elucidate the underlying hydration force in biological systems.
  • To analyze the forces governing interactions between highly charged DNA and nonpolar hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • To explore conditions leading to repulsion and attraction, and solute exclusion from macromolecular surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the osmotic stress technique for force measurements.
  • Analyzing interactions on diverse biological structures.
  • Comparing force profiles of DNA and hydroxypropyl cellulose.

Main Results:

  • Identified commonalities in force measurements across various biological structures, suggesting a universal hydration force.
  • Observed conditions for both net repulsion and attraction between surfaces.
  • Demonstrated exclusion of chemically different solutes from macromolecular surfaces, consistent with hydration force effects.

Conclusions:

  • The observed interaction forces between biological surfaces can be attributed to the perturbation of structured surface water.
  • Hydration forces play a significant role in the assembly and interaction of biological macromolecules.
  • Understanding hydration forces is crucial for comprehending molecular interactions in biological and material science contexts.