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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Soft x-ray array system with variable filters for the DIII-D tokamak.

E M Hollmann1, L Chousal, R K Fisher

  • 1University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upgrades to the DIII-D tokamak

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Fusion energy research
  • Tokamak diagnostics

Background:

  • The DIII-D tokamak utilizes a soft x-ray (SXR) array system for plasma diagnostics.
  • Previous SXR systems required vacuum breaks for filter changes, limiting operational efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe recent upgrades to the DIII-D tokamak's SXR array system.
  • To enhance diagnostic capabilities and operational flexibility.

Main Methods:

  • Rebuilding two 32-channel SXR arrays for in-vacuum filter switching.
  • Upgrading detectors, view slits, and data acquisition for three 12-channel arrays.
  • Implementing Absolute Extreme Ultraviolet (AXUV) photodiodes as detectors (2 eV to 10 keV).
  • Utilizing 127 μm Beryllium (Be) filters in fixed-filter arrays.
  • Employing filter wheels for five selectable pinhole/filter combinations in variable-filter arrays.

Main Results:

  • Vacuum-compatible filter switching capability achieved for 32-channel arrays.
  • Improved detector performance and data acquisition in 12-channel arrays.
  • Broad energy detection range (2 eV to 10 keV) enabled by AXUV photodiodes.
  • Enhanced flexibility in spectral filtering for SXR measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The upgraded SXR system on DIII-D enhances diagnostic capabilities for fusion plasma research.
  • In-vacuum filter switching and improved components increase operational efficiency and data quality.
  • These advancements contribute to a better understanding of tokamak plasma behavior.