Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain. Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
A limited set of protein domains often duplicate and recombine during evolution. These domains can be organized in different combinations to form...

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, AKT/PI3K signaling and NF-κB pathway in methamphetamine-mediated increase in IL-6 and IL-8 expression in astrocytes.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2012

Same author

DPP-IV inhibitory potential of naringin: an in silico, in vitro and in vivo study.

Diabetes research and clinical practice·2012

Same author

Tight controlled expression and secretion of Lactobacillus brevis SlpA in Lactococcus lactis.

Biotechnology letters·2012

Same author

Targeting neuro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress by minocycline attenuates quinolinic-acid-induced Huntington's disease-like symptoms in rats.

Neurotoxicity research·2012

Same author

Microbial keratitis in Gujarat, Western India: findings from 200 cases.

The Pan African medical journal·2012

Same author

Silver triflate catalyzed synthesis of 3-aminoalkylated indoles and evaluation of their antibacterial activities.

Organic and medicinal chemistry letters·2012

Same journal

Translational synthetic biology.

Systems and synthetic biology·2017

Same journal

Evolving modular genetic regulatory networks with a recursive, top-down approach.

Systems and synthetic biology·2017

Same journal

Exploring the differences in metabolic behavior of astrocyte and glioblastoma: a flux balance analysis approach.

Systems and synthetic biology·2017

Same journal

The synthetic biology puzzle: a qualitative study on public reflections towards a governance framework.

Systems and synthetic biology·2017

Same journal

The role of CRKL in breast cancer metastasis: insights from systems biology.

Systems and synthetic biology·2017

Same journal

Predicting stable functional peptides from the intergenic space of <i>E. coli</i>.

Systems and synthetic biology·2017

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Published on: July 8, 2025

Creating novel protein scripts beyond natural alphabets.

Anil Kumar, Vibin Ramakrishnan

Systems and Synthetic Biology

|December 2, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores using D-amino acids to alter protein structures. Incorporating these D-amino acids offers a new way to design novel proteins with unique properties.

Keywords:

Heterochiral proteins Polypeptide stereochemistry Protein design Protein structure energetics

More Related Videos

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

Published on: August 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

Published on: July 8, 2025

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

Published on: August 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Protein Chemistry
Stereochemistry

Background:

Natural proteins are polymers of amino acids, predominantly exhibiting left-handed (L-chiral) stereochemistry.
The inherent chirality of amino acids dictates protein structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the biophysical effects of stereochemical perturbation in proteins.
To explore the potential of D-amino acids as a novel component in protein design.

Main Methods:

Utilizing D-(α) amino acids to introduce stereochemical variations into protein structures.
Analyzing the resulting structural and biophysical changes.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that D-amino acids can be incorporated to perturb protein stereochemistry.
Showcased the feasibility of using D-amino acids as an additional design element.

Conclusions:

D-amino acids represent a valuable addition to the protein design alphabet.
Stereochemical perturbation using D-amino acids opens new avenues for scripting novel protein architectures.