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Balkanizing the primate orbitofrontal cortex: distinct subregions for comparing and contrasting values.

Peter H Rudebeck¹, Elisabeth A Murray

¹Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4415, USA. rudebeckp@mail.nih.gov

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|December 8, 2011

Summary

The primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has distinct regions. The lateral OFC processes object-reward contrasts, while the medial OFC integrates value for comparisons.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Primate Neuroanatomy

Background:

The primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is traditionally viewed as a unified region.
Neuroanatomical evidence suggests distinct architectonic and connectional subdivisions within the OFC.
Limited research has explored functional dissociations between OFC subregions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review neuropsychological and neurophysiological findings that dissociate OFC subregion functions.
To propose a framework for understanding OFC subregion specialization based on contrast and comparison processing.

Main Methods:

Review of existing neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies on primate OFC function.
Analysis of findings related to object-reward association learning and value-based decision-making.
Integration of neuroanatomical data with functional evidence.

Main Results:

The lateral OFC is implicated in learning, representing, and updating specific object-reward associations (contrasts).
The medial OFC appears crucial for comparing values and making choices based on these comparisons (common currency).
Functional specialization reflects a distinction between encoding differences (contrasts) and similarities (comparisons).

Conclusions:

The OFC is not a monolithic structure; its subregions exhibit distinct functional roles.
Lateral OFC processes outcome contrasts using high-dimensional sensory representations.
Medial OFC synthesizes these representations into a common currency for value comparison and choice.