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Related Concept Videos

Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Buffer Systems in the Body01:19

Buffer Systems in the Body

Chemical buffers play a critical role in the body's regulation of pH levels. These systems contain one or more compounds that stabilize pH changes by neutralizing strong acids or bases. When pH levels drop, hydrogen ions bind to a weak base; when pH levels rise, hydrogen ions are released. This dynamic process helps maintain pH within a narrow and stable range essential for normal physiological function.
A typical buffer system in bodily fluids includes a weak acid and its corresponding anion,...
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells01:20

Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells

The human body utilizes protein buffer systems to maintain a stable pH. These systems capitalize on the dual role of amino acids, which can act as acids or bases by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions in response to pH changes. Protein buffer systems are particularly significant in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) of active cells, where structural and functional proteins provide substantial buffering capacity.
Certain amino acids can exist in a zwitterion state at a...
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...

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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
08:41

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

pH- and concentration-programmable electrodialytic buffer generator.

Yongjing Chen1, Brian L Edwards, Purnendu K Dasgupta

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA.

Analytical Chemistry
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a three-electrode electrodialytic buffer generator (EBG) capable of creating programmable pH and concentration gradients. By independently controlling ion currents through cation and anion exchange membranes, precise buffer solutions can be generated for various applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Electrodialysis is a membrane separation process driven by an electric field.
  • Programmable buffer generation is crucial for various chemical and biological applications.
  • Existing methods for buffer generation may lack precise control over pH and concentration gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a three-electrode electrodialytic buffer generator (EBG) for producing programmable pH gradients.
  • To investigate the independent control of cation and anion currents for buffer manipulation.
  • To achieve a wide pH span and controlled buffer concentrations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a three-compartment flow-through device with cation-exchange (CEM) and anion-exchange (AEM) membranes.
  • Employed three electrodes, with independent potentials applied to CEM and AEM electrodes relative to a grounded central electrode.
  • Manipulated CEM and AEM currents (inward and outward) to control ion transport and generate buffer solutions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved independent control over buffer pH and concentration in the central compartment.
  • Demonstrated a pH span from 3 to 12.
  • Generated phosphate buffer concentrations up to 140 mM.
  • Successfully created combined pH/concentration gradients using mixtures of ethylenediamine, citrate, and phosphate.
  • Showcased an additive-subtractive mode for precise ion addition and removal.

Conclusions:

  • The three-electrode EBG offers a versatile platform for generating programmable pH and concentration gradients.
  • Independent manipulation of ion currents provides predictable control over buffer properties.
  • This technology has potential applications in chromatography, electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices.