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Related Concept Videos

Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is critical for...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
10:13

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

Published on: February 14, 2014

Memory encoding and aging: a neurocognitive perspective.

Fergus I M Craik1, Nathan S Rose

  • 1Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, Canada. fcraik@rotman-baycrest.on.ca

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Age-related memory decline is real, often due to impaired memory encoding and retrieval. However, cognitive training and neuroplasticity offer hope for improving memory function in older adults.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
10:13

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Published on: February 14, 2014

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10:37

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07:25

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Published on: August 20, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Memory decline is a common concern with aging.
  • Episodic memory is particularly susceptible to age-related deficits.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of memory impairment is crucial for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on age-related memory changes from cognitive and neuroimaging studies.
  • To focus on encoding processes and the role of semantic processing.
  • To explore neuroplasticity and training interventions for age-related memory issues.

Main Methods:

  • Cognitive psychology studies examining memory performance.
  • Neuroimaging techniques to investigate brain function during memory tasks.
  • Review of literature on age-related cognitive decline and interventions.

Main Results:

  • Age-related memory decline likely involves deficits in both encoding and retrieval.
  • Reduced self-initiated semantic processing may underlie encoding deficiencies.
  • Evidence suggests neuroplasticity and compensatory strategies can mitigate memory problems.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related memory impairments are significant but not insurmountable.
  • Cognitive and neural plasticity offer pathways for improvement.
  • Brain and cognitive training show promise for addressing memory concerns in aging.