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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

The glycemic index issue.

Jennie Brand-Miller¹, Anette E Buyken

¹School of Molecular Bioscience and Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition and Exercise, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. jennie.brandmiller@sydney.edu.au

Current Opinion in Lipidology

|December 14, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The dietary glycemic index (GI) impacts health. Lower GI diets aid weight control and reduce risks of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, unlike high GI diets.

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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

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Area of Science:

Nutrition Science
Dietary Metabolism
Cardiovascular Health

Background:

Concerns regarding the glycemic index (GI) have been addressed through methodological studies and clinical trials.
New observational evidence explores the role of dietary GI in cardiovascular disease etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

Review findings on the glycemic index, considering methodological studies and clinical trials.
Examine new observational evidence on the dietary glycemic index's role in cardiovascular disease.

Main Methods:

Standardized determination and classification of the glycemic index (GI) of food products.
Systematic studies using isoenergetic single and mixed meals to assess GI and glycemic load.
Analysis of new observational studies and epidemiological evidence.

Main Results:

GI and/or glycemic load are stronger predictors of postprandial glycemia and insulinemia than carbohydrate content alone.
Diets combining higher protein and lower GI carbohydrates are effective for preventing weight regain in overweight individuals.
Higher intakes of carbohydrates from high GI foods are associated with increased coronary heart disease risk.
Dietary GI is linked to visceral fat and inflammatory disease mortality.

Conclusions:

Replacing saturated fat with refined, high GI carbohydrates increases postprandial glycemia, potentially harming weight control and predisposing to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
Low GI carbohydrates are recognized for reducing health risks.