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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Orbital decompression for Graves' orbitopathy in England.

P Perros1, T Chandler, C M Dayan

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. petros.perros@ncl.ac.uk

Eye (London, England)
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Orbital decompression surgery rates in England show significant geographic variation. Many procedures occur in low-volume centers, impacting specialist care access for Graves' orbitopathy patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Surgical Outcomes
  • Healthcare Management

Background:

  • Graves' orbitopathy requires specialized surgical intervention.
  • Orbital decompression is a key procedure for managing this condition.
  • Understanding regional variations in surgical practice is crucial for equitable patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the geographic distribution of orbital decompression procedures in England.
  • To identify variations in surgical care based on hospital and locality.
  • To establish a baseline for evaluating future improvements in care delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Data collected on orbital decompression procedures over two years (2007-2009).
  • Information sourced from CHKS Ltd.
  • Analysis performed by hospital and primary care trust (PCT) level.

Main Results:

  • 44% of surgeries were performed in hospitals with ≤10 procedures annually.
  • Nearly 30-fold variance in decompression rates per capita across PCTs.
  • Significant geographic disparities in available expertise and referral rates for Graves' orbitopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Orbital decompression care in England exhibits considerable regional variation.
  • Low-volume centers perform a substantial proportion of these surgeries.
  • Geographic location significantly influences patient access to specialist care for Graves' orbitopathy.