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Related Concept Videos

Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
07:33

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

Brain oscillatory activity associated with task switching and feedback processing.

Toni Cunillera1, Lluís Fuentemilla, Jose Periañez

  • 1Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study differentiates brain signals for performance feedback and task switching. Researchers found distinct electrical activity patterns, highlighting the importance of analyzing brain oscillations for cognitive control.

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Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication
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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
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Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication
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Published on: February 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive control involves adjusting behavior based on performance feedback and task demands.
  • Differentiating neural signals for outcome-based and rule-based adjustments is crucial for understanding cognitive flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To dissociate event-related potentials (ERPs) and oscillatory brain activity related to performance feedback versus task switching signals.
  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying outcome-based and rule-based behavioral adjustments.

Main Methods:

  • Noninvasive electroencephalographic (EEG) recording using a modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
  • Separate analysis of feedback processing and task switching within the experimental paradigm.

Main Results:

  • A similar late positive component was observed for switch cues and correct feedback, but feedback-related negativity only for incorrect feedback.
  • Theta power increased after switch cues and initial positive feedback; frontal beta-gamma activity selectively increased after new rule selection.
  • Beta-alpha activity was suppressed by switch cues, contrasting with feedback-related increases.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct neural signatures differentiate performance feedback processing from task switching cues.
  • Analyzing brain oscillatory activity is essential for disentangling various cognitive control processes.