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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Lipid Digestion01:06

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

[Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2].

Ardon Rubinstein1, Elena Izkhakov

  • 1Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. ardon@tasmc.health.gov.il

Harefuah
|December 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is a target for coronary heart disease (CHD), but Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) offers a superior marker for cardiovascular risk. High Lp-PLA2 levels indicate plaque instability and increase the risk of cardiovascular events and stroke.

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High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay
07:08

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay

Published on: September 30, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Disease
  • Atherosclerosis and Plaque Instability

Context:

  • Traditional lipid targets like LDL-c do not fully identify cardiovascular risk.
  • A need exists for more effective markers of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.
  • Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an inflammatory enzyme linked to atherosclerotic plaque.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the role of Lp-PLA2 as a superior cardiovascular risk biomarker.
  • To establish Lp-PLA2's association with plaque instability and rupture.
  • To inform risk stratification and treatment decisions for patients with elevated Lp-PLA2.

Summary:

  • Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme primarily bound to LDL, implicated in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.
  • Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses confirm Lp-PLA2's strong association with cardiovascular events and ischemic stroke.
  • Lp-PLA2 levels correlate directly with plaque instability and rupture risk, independent of LDL-c levels.

Impact:

  • Identifies patients at high and very high risk for CHD and cardiovascular events.
  • Supports the use of Lp-PLA2 for enhanced risk stratification beyond traditional markers.
  • Suggests targeted treatment strategies for individuals with high Lp-PLA2 levels to prevent adverse outcomes.