Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Overview
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Progenitor diversity during formation of the mammalian neocortex.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026
Same author

Craniofacial morphology of TcMAC21 and TcHSA21rat models of Down syndrome: An interspecific comparison.

Journal of anatomy·2025
Same author

Sleep Fragmentation in TcMAC21 Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.

Nature and science of sleep·2025
Same author

Disrupted Neurogenesis from Basal Intermediate Precursor Cells Alters the Postnatal Neocortex in the TcMAC21 Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025
Same author

The Hallmarks of Aneuploidy in Cancer and Congenital Syndromes.

Annual review of genomics and human genetics·2025
Same author

A humanized mouse model system mimics prenatal Zika infection and reveals premature differentiation of neural stem cells.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Building neuroscience capacity in low- and middle-income countries: Lessons from Ghana.

Trends in neurosciences·2026
Same journal

Emulating the periodic table: A unified list of CNS terms and abbreviations for humans and experimental animals.

Trends in neurosciences·2026
Same journal

From chromatin dynamics to brain disease: Polycomb-Trithorax mechanisms in neurodevelopment.

Trends in neurosciences·2026
Same journal

Striatum regulates the cortex via the basal forebrain cholinergic system: A role for substance P.

Trends in neurosciences·2026
Same journal

A large brain adds new types of neurons: Molecular and functional signatures of spindle neurons in the human neocortex.

Trends in neurosciences·2026
Same journal

Exercise as a regulator of glymphatic function.

Trends in neurosciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Trisomy 21 and early brain development.

Tarik F Haydar1, Roger H Reeves

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. thaydar@bu.edu

Trends in Neurosciences
|December 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trisomy for human chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome (DS). This study uses mouse models to show how gene dosage changes impact brain development, specifically the cortex and cerebellum, in DS.

More Related Videos

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)
10:47

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)

Published on: March 2, 2018

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
08:22

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Published on: December 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)
10:47

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)

Published on: March 2, 2018

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
08:22

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Published on: December 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21).
  • The human genome sequence catalogs genetic elements involved in DS.
  • Understanding how altered gene dosage affects cellular development in DS is complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of trisomy on brain development using mouse models.
  • To illustrate how gene dosage effects contribute to brain divergence in trisomic individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mouse models that mimic aspects of Down syndrome.
  • Analyzing changes in brain morphogenesis and function.

Main Results:

  • Specific gene trisomies were examined for their effects on brain development.
  • Examples highlight alterations in cortex and cerebellum development.

Conclusions:

  • Gene dosage imbalances significantly affect brain development in Down syndrome models.
  • These findings help explain developmental divergence between trisomic and euploid brains.