Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Tissue Permeability

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Tissue Permeability

The drug distribution process within the human body is a complex interplay of various physicochemical properties inherent to the drugs. These properties, including molecular size, ionization degree, partition coefficient, and stereochemical nature, significantly impact how drugs permeate biological membranes to reach their target tissues.
Small molecules with a molecular weight below 500 to 600 Daltons can easily pass through the capillary membrane, gaining access to different tissues. Larger...

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

Drug distribution in the body is intricately regulated by various physiological barriers that control the passage of substances. These include the capillary endothelial barrier, the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, blood-placental, and blood-testis barriers.
The capillary endothelial barrier allows only smaller molecules below 600 Da (Daltons) to pass through. It also restricts drugs like heparin that are bound to blood components, limiting their movement within the bloodstream.
The...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.

Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the gastrointestinal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Nanotechnology for Transdermal Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Hypertension.

Current pharmaceutical design·2026

Same author

A Comprehensive Review of Naringin Loaded Nano Drug Delivery System in Treatment of CNS Disorders.

Current pharmaceutical design·2026

Same author

Retraction Note: Nanosilver-functionalized polysaccharides as a platform for wound dressing.

Environmental science and pollution research international·2025

Same author

Integration of Synchronizing In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Strategies for the Development of Antipsoriatic Apremilast-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Embedded in Hydrogel.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2025

Same author

Role of Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Effective Elimination of Heavy Metals.

BioMed research international·2024

Same author

Transforming cancer treatment: The potential of nanonutraceuticals.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Physicochemical and physiological considerations for efficient nose-to-brain targeting.

Shiv Bahadur¹, Kamla Pathak

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

|December 17, 2011

Summary

Nose-to-brain drug delivery effectively targets the brain for challenging molecules. Chemical and pharmaceutical strategies overcome limitations for delivering high-molecular-weight and hydrophilic drugs, enhancing therapeutic outcomes.

More Related Videos

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

Published on: August 15, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

Published on: August 15, 2019

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Neuroscience
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Nasal drug delivery leverages olfactory and trigeminal pathways for direct brain targeting.
Intranasal delivery is effective for low-molecular-weight, lipophilic drugs but faces challenges with high-molecular-weight, hydrophilic compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically review physicochemical and formulation factors influencing intranasal brain targeting.
To examine physiological factors affecting nasal absorption and strategies to enhance it.

Main Methods:

Literature review of drug properties, formulation variables, and nasal physiology.
Analysis of strategies for improving nasal drug absorption and brain delivery.

Main Results:

Physicochemical properties of drugs and formulation design significantly impact nose-to-brain transport.
Nasal physiological factors play a crucial role in drug absorption and brain targeting efficacy.

Conclusions:

Chemical and pharmaceutical innovations can overcome intranasal delivery challenges for brain targeting.
Novel drug delivery systems show commercial potential for treating CNS disorders by enabling lower doses and direct targeting.