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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

STAT6-dependent regulation of Th9 development.

Ritobrata Goswami1, Rukhsana Jabeen, Ryoji Yagi

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|December 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) induce distinct transcription factor pathways. This study reveals how these pathways integrate to promote the development of T helper 9 (Th9) cells and IL-9 secretion.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

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Published on: April 16, 2015

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07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T helper (Th) cell effector subsets differentiate based on specific cytokine signals.
  • Cytokine combinations can induce opposing differentiation pathways, requiring intricate signal integration.
  • T helper 9 (Th9) cells, characterized by Interleukin-9 (IL-9) secretion, develop under TGF-β and IL-4 influence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β and IL-4 synergize to promote Th9 cell differentiation.
  • To investigate the role of key transcription factors in integrating cytokine signals for IL-9 production.
  • To define the transcription factor network governing Th9 cell development and IL-9 secretion.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcription factor expression in response to TGF-β and IL-4.
  • Investigation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) activation and its role.
  • Examination of the regulation of PU.1 (Sfpi1), T-bet, Foxp3, and Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) loci.

Main Results:

  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) induces the PU.1-encoding Sfpi1 locus independently of IL-4-activated STAT6.
  • IL-4-activated STAT6 is essential for suppressing T-bet and Foxp3 expression, which normally inhibit IL-9 production.
  • STAT6 is required for the induction of IRF4, a transcription factor crucial for promoting Th9 cell development.

Conclusions:

  • A specific transcription factor network regulates IL-9 production in Th9 cells.
  • Combinatorial cytokine signaling achieves specific effector cell differentiation by modulating transcription factor expression.
  • This study clarifies how opposing signals are integrated to generate a defined cytokine-secreting potential.