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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations
08:03

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Published on: December 7, 2021

Solving the Problem: Genome Annotation Standards before the Data Deluge.

William Klimke, Claire O'Donovan, Owen White

    Standards in Genomic Sciences
    |December 20, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    High-quality genome sequencing data is crucial for biological discovery. New international standards for prokaryotic genome annotation ensure reliable data, improving gene function research and accuracy.

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    Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies

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    Area of Science:

    • Genomics and Bioinformatics
    • Molecular Biology
    • Computational Biology

    Background:

    • Genome sequencing holds immense promise for understanding gene function across organisms.
    • Inconsistent annotation procedures and databases have led to variable data quality.
    • A decline in experimental validation of gene functions exacerbates annotation quality issues.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish international standards for high-quality prokaryotic genome annotation.
    • To create reliable reference genomes for biological research.
    • To improve the consistency and accuracy of genomic data.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of annotation assessment tools.
    • Establishment of community-accepted protein naming conventions.
    • Comparison and integration of multiple annotation resources for consistency.
    • Implementation of improved tracking for annotation evidence.

    Main Results:

    • Creation of the first international annotation standards for prokaryotic genomes.
    • Development of tools and processes to ensure consistent and high-quality annotations.
    • Establishment of minimal standards, including requirements for core conserved functions, ribosomal RNAs, and transfer RNAs.

    Conclusions:

    • The new annotation standards represent a significant advancement for genomic data.
    • Adoption of these standards will enhance the quality of public genome databases.
    • Improved data quality will empower researchers to make more accurate biological discoveries.