The Earth BioGenome Project Phase II: illuminating the eukaryotic tree of life

Area of Science:

• Genomics
• Biodiversity research
• Conservation science

Background:

• The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) aims to generate high-quality genome sequences for all eukaryotic species.
• Phase I successfully demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale genome production, releasing 2,000 assemblies from over 500 families.
• Global collaboration and standardized methods have been established.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present revised goals for Phases I and II of the EBP.
• To propose sequencing 150,000 species in Phase II over 4 years, covering at least 50% of eukaryotic genera.
• To outline the scientific, technical, social, legal, ethical, and funding challenges for Phase II.

Main Methods:

• Leveraging knowledge and technical advances from Phase I.
• Globally distributed production of reference-quality genomes.
• Utilizing innovations like "sequencing lab in a box" for enhanced capacity.

Main Results:

• A revised strategy for Phase II: sequencing 150,000 species and collecting 300,000 specimens.
• Estimated total cost of US$3.9 billion for sequencing most eukaryotic species.
• Identification of key challenges including coordination, workforce development, and specimen collection.

Conclusions:

• Phase II requires releasing over 3,000 new genomes per month.
• Success in Phase II will enable sequencing of remaining eukaryotic species and inform biodiversity management.
• Proposes a US$0.5 billion Foundational Impact Project fund to support genome sequence utilization, particularly in the Global South.