Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Visual control of walking using terrain reconstructions.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Computational elements of natural vision.

Journal of vision·2025

Same author

Analysis of foothold selection during locomotion using terrain reconstruction.

eLife·2024

Same author

Knowing where to go: Spatial memory guides eye and body movements in a naturalistic visual search task.

Journal of vision·2024

Same author

Attentional heterogeneity in social anxiety disorder: Evidence from Hidden Markov Models.

Behaviour research and therapy·2023

Same author

Foothold selection during locomotion in uneven terrain: Results from the integration of eye tracking, motion capture, and photogrammetry.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2023

Same journal

Molecular links between reelin downregulation, topoisomerase IIβ alterations, and proteins involved in Alzheimer pathology in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line.

Experimental brain research·2026

Same journal

Motor cortex excitability during spine shape-judgment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a TMS motor evoked potential study.

Experimental brain research·2026

Same journal

Trajectory dynamics and endpoint accuracy in targeted ballistic contractions.

Experimental brain research·2026

Same journal

Exploring Sevoflurane promotes hippocampal neuron mitophagy in elderly postoperative cognitive dysfunction by HSP90AA1 based on network pharmacology.

Experimental brain research·2026

Same journal

Loading modulates monosynaptic transmission from spindle primary afferents to motoneurons in humans.

Experimental brain research·2026

Same journal

Energy-dependent cortical injury thresholds in high-frequency transcortical electrical stimulation: a biophysical study in a rat model.

Experimental brain research·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Predictive eye movements in natural vision.

Mary M Hayhoe¹, Travis McKinney, Kelly Chajka

¹Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, #A8000, Austin, TX 78712-0187, USA. mary@mail.cps.utexas.edu

Experimental Brain Research

|December 21, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The brain uses prediction to overcome visual processing delays during dynamic tasks. This study shows predictive eye movements are precise and continuous in natural behaviors like playing squash.

More Related Videos

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Visual Perception

Background:

The brain must compensate for visual processing delays, especially in dynamic environments.
Prediction based on learned environmental models is a proposed solution to visuo-motor delays.
Existing evidence for prediction primarily comes from controlled laboratory settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of prediction in eye movements during complex, natural behavior.
To determine if predictive gaze control is precise and continuous in real-world scenarios.

Main Methods:

Analysis of eye movements during squash gameplay.
Observing gaze behavior in a demanding, dynamic natural environment.

Main Results:

Prediction is a pervasive element of gaze behavior in squash.
Predictive eye movements are highly precise and operate continuously across various movements.
These findings suggest the use of complex, experience-based dynamic visual models.

Conclusions:

Model-based prediction is a fundamental aspect of natural gaze control.
A shared internal model likely facilitates coordination between eye, head, and body movements.
The brain employs sophisticated predictive mechanisms for real-world motor control.