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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Diuretics01:16

Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Diuretics

Diuretics are antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension resulting from sodium and water retention. Sodium, vital for fluid balance and nerve or muscle function, is regulated by the kidneys through millions of nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via afferent arterioles, which branch into capillaries called glomeruli. These filter blood plasma, allowing water and solutes, like sodium ions, to pass through capillary walls into Bowman's capsule. The filtrate then flows through various tubules...
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Alterations in Blood Pressure01:30

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Alterations in blood pressure, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), significantly affect human health. Understanding these conditions' classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure readings consistently exceed the normal range. It is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure (the top number, indicating pressure while the heart beats)...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
10:02

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Published on: October 3, 2020

Genotype-based changes in serum uric acid affect blood pressure.

Afshin Parsa1, Eric Brown, Matthew R Weir

  • 1Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. aparsa@medicine.maryland.edu

Kidney International
|December 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

High uric acid levels are linked to hypertension, but causality is unclear. A study using genetic variants in the GLUT9 gene in an Amish community found that lower uric acid levels causally reduce blood pressure.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
10:02

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Published on: October 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Elevated serum uric acid is correlated with hypertension, but the causal relationship is debated.
  • The SLC2A9 gene, encoding the GLUT9 transporter, influences uric acid levels and has been implicated in blood pressure regulation.
  • Understanding the link between uric acid and hypertension is crucial for cardiovascular health management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal effect of serum uric acid on blood pressure using Mendelian randomization.
  • To examine the association between GLUT9 gene variants, serum uric acid levels, and blood pressure in a controlled setting.
  • To clarify the directionality of the association between uric acid and hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • A Mendelian randomization study was conducted in a homogeneous Amish community (n=516).
  • Participants were subjected to standardized high- and low-sodium diets with 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
  • Genotyping for the rs16890979 (Val253Ile) single-nucleotide polymorphism in the SLC2A9 gene was performed.

Main Results:

  • Each copy of the GLUT9 minor Ile allele significantly reduced serum uric acid by 0.44 mg/dl.
  • This reduction in uric acid was associated with a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (2.2 mm Hg on high-sodium diet, 1.5 mm Hg on low-sodium diet).
  • The GLUT9 genotype was unconfounded by other factors influencing blood pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Mendelian randomization analysis using GLUT9 variants provides evidence for a causal effect of lower serum uric acid in reducing blood pressure.
  • This finding supports a causal role for uric acid in the development of hypertension.
  • Targeting uric acid levels may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for hypertension management.