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Related Concept Videos

Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity
08:40

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

Published on: June 12, 2019

Spinal reflex properties in the long term after stroke.

Jan S Groenewegen1, Jurriaan H de Groot, Alfred C Schouten

  • 1Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
|December 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study found no evidence of neuromuscular degeneration in stroke survivors over time. Ageing may contribute to functional decline, but peripheral reflex changes were not linked to stroke recovery duration.

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Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke
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Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke

Published on: February 22, 2020

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity
08:40

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

Published on: June 12, 2019

Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke
09:10

Determining the Functional Status of the Corticospinal Tract Within One Week of Stroke

Published on: February 22, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Secondary functional deterioration is observed in long-term stroke survivors, often coinciding with aging.
  • The underlying mechanisms for this decline remain largely unknown.
  • Investigating neuromuscular changes is crucial for understanding long-term post-stroke recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess neuromuscular degeneration by analyzing peripheral reflex loop characteristics.
  • To determine the relationship between these characteristics and follow-up time after stroke, while controlling for age.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-one stroke survivors (age 62-67) with varying follow-up times (1-15 years) were studied.
  • Age-matched (59-62 years) and young (28-36 years) control groups were included.
  • Short and long latency reflexes were evoked by ramp and hold stretches, recorded via EMG from the flexor carpi radialis muscle.

Main Results:

  • Short latency reflex onset time was not significantly different from age-matched controls and did not correlate with follow-up time post-stroke (p=0.81).
  • Younger control subjects exhibited significantly lower reflex delay times compared to older subjects (mean difference 7.2ms, p=0.009).
  • No evidence of peripheral neuromuscular deterioration was found as a function of time since stroke.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral neuromuscular degeneration does not appear to be a significant factor in long-term functional decline after stroke.
  • Age-related changes in neuromuscular function may play a role, potentially interacting with stroke recovery duration.
  • Further research is needed to explore the impact of ageing on stroke patients' functional status over time.