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Perception

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...

Factors Affecting Perception

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...

The Two-State Receptor Model

The Two-State Receptor Model

The two-state receptor model explains a drug's interaction with receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, to induce or inhibit a biological response. When no natural ligands are present, a receptor exists in an equilibrium of inactive (Ri) and active (Ra) conformations. The inactive form does not produce a response, while the active form generates a basal effect known as constitutive activity.
The binding affinity of a drug determines its interaction with one...

Drug-Receptor Interactions

Drug-Receptor Interactions

Drug-receptor interaction describes the binding of receptors by drugs, but not all drug-receptor interactions result in activation and tissue response. For instance, the binding of agonists activates the receptor to generate a cellular reaction, while antagonists bind to receptors without causing their activation.
Several parameters, such as the drug's affinity for its receptor and its efficacy, which is its ability to activate the receptor, determine the drug's effect on the tissue.

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...

Competition

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Do endogenous and exogenous action control compete for perception?

Roland Pfister¹, Alexander Heinemann, Andrea Kiesel

¹Department of Psychology III, Julius-MaximiliansUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. roland.pfister@psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance

|December 29, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Preparing an action interferes with perceiving its associated sensory effect. This action planning blindness highlights how internal goals impact external sensory processing, even without physical similarity.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Perception Psychology
Action Control Research

Background:

Human actions are driven by internal plans or external cues.
Distinct neural systems mediate endogenous and exogenous action control.
Interference occurs when these systems conflict, requiring deactivation of internal plans.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if action control interference extends beyond motor functions to sensory perception.
To examine how preparing an endogenous action affects processing of its learned sensory consequence.
To test the impact of action planning on exogenous stimulus processing.

Main Methods:

Participants learned arbitrary associations between actions and sensory effects.
An exogenous speeded detection task was used in testing phases.
Action preparation was manipulated to assess its effect on stimulus detection.

Main Results:

Preparing an action significantly impaired responding to its associated learned sensory effect.
This resulted in a blindness-like effect for arbitrary action-related stimuli.
Interference was observed even without physical similarity between action and stimulus.

Conclusions:

Action planning profoundly influences sensory perception, not just motor output.
Findings support the theory of event coding, linking action and perception.
Endogenous action preparation can create perceptual blind spots for learned environmental cues.