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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Tissue specific epigenetic differences in CRH gene expression.

Claire Abou-Seif1, Kristy L Shipman, Megan Allars

  • 1Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|December 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic regulation influences Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) expression differently in the pituitary and placenta. Histone deacetylase inhibition increases pituitary CRH but decreases placental CRH, highlighting tissue-specific epigenetic control.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is a key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
  • CRH plays roles in pregnancy, including gestational length and preterm birth prediction.
  • CRH gene expression shows tissue-specific regulation, such as glucocorticoid effects on placental vs. hypothalamic CRH.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review tissue-specific differences in CRH gene expression.
  • To discuss the role of epigenetic chromatin modification in CRH expression.
  • To investigate how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to tissue-specific CRH expression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CRH gene expression and epigenetic regulation.
  • Analysis of experimental findings on histone deacetylase inhibition in AtT20 pituitary cells and placenta.
  • Comparison of CRH expression changes in response to epigenetic modifiers across different tissues.

Main Results:

  • Histone deacetylase inhibition increases CRH expression in AtT20 pituitary cells.
  • Histone deacetylase inhibition decreases CRH expression in the placenta.
  • Demonstrated tissue-specific effects of epigenetic modifications on CRH expression.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, specifically chromatin modification, contribute to tissue-specific regulation of CRH.
  • Differences in epigenetic regulation explain opposing effects of histone deacetylase inhibition on CRH in the pituitary and placenta.
  • Understanding these epigenetic differences is crucial for comprehending CRH function in various physiological and pathological contexts.